No Escape from Diesel Exhaust – Endnotes
Endnotes
  1. Lipsett, M., Campleman, S., (1999). Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health v. 89, no 7, p. 1009-1017.
  2. EPA, Health Assessment Document for Diesel Exhaust: Office of Research and Development, EPA/600/8-90057F May 2002. P. 9-14;
  3. California Air Resources Board (1998): Resolution 98-35—Identification of diesel exhaust as a toxic air contam-inant. Go to: http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/diesltacdiesltac.htm;
  4. International Agency on Cancer, Monograph 46. See at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol46volume46.pdf.
  5. See, e.g., Pope, C.A., Thun, M.J., Namboordiri, M.M. and Dockery, D.W., et al.; Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults. 151 American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995). Available online at http://ajrccm atsjournals.org/search.shtml.
    Krewski, D., Burnett, R.T., Goldberg, M.S., Hoover, K., Siemiatycki, J., Jerrett, M., Abrahamowicz, A. and White, W.H., Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Matter and Mortality; Special Report to the Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA (July 2000).
  6. Miller, K., Siscovik, D., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J., Anderson, G. and Kaufman, J. (2007). Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 356, No. 5, p. 447-458, February 1, 2007.
  7. Dockery, D., and Stone, P. (2007) Cardiovascular risks from fine particulate air pollution. Editorial, New England Journal of Medicine, v. 356, no 5, p. 511-513, February 1, 2007.
  8. Nemmar, A., Hoet, P., Dinsdale, D.,Vermylen, J., Hoylaerts,M., and Nemery, B., Diesel Exhaust Particles in Lung Acutely Enhance Experimental Peripheral Thrombosis, Circulation. Vol. 107, (2003), pp.1202-1208.
  9. Brown, J., and Frew, A. (2002). Diesel exhaust particles and respiratory allergy. European Respiratory Mon. v. 21, p.180-192.
  10. Brauer, M et al. (2002). Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, v. 166, p. 1092-1098.
  11. Pandya, R., Solomon, G., Kinner, A., and Balmes, J. (2002). Diesel exhaust and asthma: hypotheses and molecular mechanisms. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 110, supplement 1, p. 103-112.
  12. Kim, J., Smorodinsky, S., Lipsett, M., Singer, B., Hodgson, A., and Ostro, B. (2004). Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads The East Bay Children’s Respiratory Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol 170, p. 520-526.
  13. Gauderman, W.J., McConnell, R., Gilliland, F., London, S., Thomas, D., Avol, E., Vora, H., Berhane, K., Rappaport, E., Lurmann, F., Margolis, H.G., and Peters, J. 2000. Association between air pollution and lung function growth in Southern California children. American Journal of Res-piratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 18.
  14. Gauderman, J., Vora, H., McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., Thomas, D., Lurmann, F., Avol, E., Kunzli, N., Jerrett, M., and Peters, J. (2007). Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10-18 years of age: a cohort study. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 26 January 2007.
  15. Dejmek, J., Selevan, S., Benes, I., Solansku, I., and Sram, R. (1999). Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy; Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 107, no. 6.
  16. Woodruff, T., Grillo, J. and Schoendorf, K. 1997. The re-lationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 105, 608-612.
  17. Kaiser, R., Romieu, I., Medina, S., Schwartz, J., Krzyzanowski, M., and Kunzli, N. (2004). Air pollution attributable postneonatal infant mortality in U.S. metropolitan areas: a risk assessment study. Environmental Health, A Global Access Science Source v. 3, no. 4.
  18. Upadhyay, D., Panduri V., Ghio A, Kamp DW. (2003) Particulate matter induces alveolar epithelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis: role of free radicals and the mitochondria. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Aug; 29(2):180-7. Epub 2003 Feb 21.
  19. Norris, G, YoungPong, S., Koenig, J., Larson, T., Sheppard, L., and Stout, J. (1999). An association between fine particles and asthma emergency department visits for children in Seattle. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 107, no. 6.
  20. Gielen, M., van der Zeee, S., Winjen, J., van Steen, C., and Brunkreef, B. (1997). Acute effects of summer air pollution on respiratory health of asthmatic children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, v. 155, p. 2105-2108.
  21. Yu, O., Sheppard, L., Lumley, T., Koenig, J., and Shapiro, G. (2000). Effects of ambient air pollution on symptoms of asthma in Seattle-area children enrolled in the CAMP study. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 12, p. 1209-1214.
  22. Finkelman, F, Yang, M., Orekhova, T., Clyne, E., Bernstein, J., Whitekus, M, Diaz-Sanchez, D., and Morris, S. (2004) Diesel Exhaust Particles Suppress In Vivo IFN-y Production by Inhibiting Cytokine Effects on NK and NKT Cells. Journal of Immunology. V. 172, no. 6, p. 3803-3813.
  23. Brown, J. and Frew, A. (2002) Diesel exhaust particles and respiratory allergy. Eur Respir Mon, 2002, 21, 180–192.
  24. See e.g., Samet, J.M., Dominici, F., Zeger, S.L., Schwartz, J. and Dockery, D.W.; National Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution Study, Part II: Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution in the United States; Health Effects Institute Research Report No. 94, Cambridge MA (June 2000).
    Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, S. and Spengler, J.D., et al; An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities; 329 New England J. Medicine 1753-59 (1993). Available online at http://nejm.org/content/1993/03290024/1753.asp.
  25. O’Neill, M., Veves, A., Zanobetti,A., Sarnat, J., Gold, D., Econ-omides, P., Horton, E., and Schwartz, J. (2005). Diabetes Enhances Vulnerability to Particulate Air Pollution–Associated Impairment in Vascular Reactivity and Endothelial Function. Circulation, Jun 2005; 111: 2913 -2920.
  26. Kilburn, K.H. (2000). Effects of diesel exhaust on neurobehavioral and pulmonary functions. Archives of Environmental Health, v. 55, no. 1, p. 11-17.
  27. Sydbom, A., Blomberg, A., Parnia, S., Stenfors, N., Sandström, T., and Dahlén, S-E. (2001) Health effects of diesel exhaust emissions. Eur. Respir. J.;17: 733-746.
  28. Loomis, D., Castillejos, M., Gold, D., McDonnell, W. Borja-Aburto, V. 1999. Air pollution and infant mortality in Mexico City. Epidemiology, vol. 10, p. 118-123.
  29. Salvi, S., Blomberg, A., Rudell, B., Kelly, F. Sandstrom, T., Holgate, S. and Frew, A. (1999). Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. American Jour. Resp. Crit. Care Medicine, v. 159, 702-709.
  30. Stenfors, N., Nordenhäll, C., Salvi, S., Mudway, I., Söderberg, M., Blomberg, A., Helleday, R., Levin, J., Holgate, S., Kelly, F., Frew, A., and Sandström, T. (2004). Different airway inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel. Eur. Respir. J., Jan 2004; 23: 82-86.
  31. Riediker, M., Cascia, W., Griggs, T., Herbst, M.m Bromberg, P., Neas, L., Williams, R., and Devlin, R. (2004). Particulate matter exposure in cars is associated with cardiovascular effects in healthy young men. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, v. 169, p. 934-940.
  32. Yamazaki, S, Nitta, H., Ono, M., Green, J., Fukuhara, S. (2006) Intracerebral hemmorrage associated with hourly concentration of ambient particulate matter: case-cross-over analysis. Journal of Occupational and Environment-al Medicine September 2006 online. http://oem.bmj journals.com/cgi/content/short/oem. 2005.021097v3 Also see Reuters news report Thurs Sept 21, 2006, “Brief exposure to dirty air may raise stroke risk.”
  33. Yin, X,, Dong, C., Ma, J., Antonini, J., Roberts, J. Barger, M., and Ma, J. (2005). Sustained Effect of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on T-Lymphocyte–Mediated Immune Responses Against Listeria monocytogenes. Toxicological Sciences, v. 88. no.1, 73-81.
  34. Joel Schwartz, “Air pollution deadlier than previously thought.” Harvard School of Public Health Press release, March 2, 2000.
  35. Francine Laden, Harvard Six Cities Study Follow Up: Reducing Soot Particles Is Associated with Longer Lives. Press Release Harvard School of Public Health http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press03152006.html. Wednesday, March 15, 2006
  36. See Abt Associates analytical reports at: http://www.catf.us/projects/diesel/dieselhealth/20041216-REMSAD_No_Diesel_Report.pdf (diesel) and http:/www.catf.us/publications/view/25 (power plants).
  37. CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_19.pdf.
  38. Garshick, E., Laden, F., Hart, J., Rosner, B., Smith, T., Dockery, D. and Speizer, F., Lung Cancer in Railroad Workers Exposed to Diesel Exhaust, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 122, No. 15, (November 2004), pp. 1539-1543. Kaur., S., Clark, R., Walsh, P., Arnold, J., Colvie, R., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2006). Exposure visualization of ultrafine particle counts in a transport microenvironment. Atmopsheric Environment, v. 40., p. 386-398. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W., Kim, S., and Sioutas, C. (2002). Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association., v. 52, p. 1032-1042. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W., Kim, S., Shen, S., Sioutas, C. (2002). Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy duty diesel traffic. Atmospheric Environment, v. v. 36, p. 4323-4335. Kaur, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Colvie (2005). Personal exposure of street canyon intersection users to PM2.5, ultrafine particles counts and carbon monoxide in Central London, UK. Atmospheric Environment, v. 39, p. 3629-3641. Schauer , J., Rogge, W., Hildemann, L., mazurek, M., and Class, G. (1996) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment, v. 30, no. 22, p. 3837-3855.
  39. Fruin, S (2003). Characterizing Black Carbon Inside Vehicles: Implications for Refined Exposure Assessments for Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
  40. Fruin, S., Winer, A., and Rodes, C. (2004). Black carbon concentration is California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicles diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmospheric Environment, v. 38, p. 4123-4133.
  41. Fruin, S. (2006) “Assessment of In-Vehicle Exposure to Traffic-Related Ultrafine Particles and Other Pollutants.” Conference presentation: Ultrafine Particles, Science, Technology and Policy Issues. South Coast Air Quality Management District, April/May 2006. http://www.aqmd.gov/tao/Ultrafine_Presentations/Session2_1_Fruin.pdf
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  44. Fruin, S., Winer, A., and Rodes, C. (2004). Black carbon concentration is California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicles diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmospheric Environment, v. 38, p. 4123-4133.
  45. Zhua, Y., Hinds,W., Kimb, S., Shenc, S. and Sioutas, C. (2002). Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 4323–4335.
  46. Kaur, S., Clark, R., Walsh, P., Arnold, S., Colvile, R., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M (2006). Exposure visualization of ultrafine particle counts in a transport microenvironment. Atmospheric Environment, v. 40, p.386-398.
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  48. Allen, G. and Johnson, P. (2004). Commuter rail diesel locomotive exposure characterization: recent pilot work on Boston-in-cabin and in-station monitoring, Power-point Presention, March 20, 2004. Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management.
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  51. Lena, S., Ochieng, V., Carter, M., Holguín-Veras, J., and Kinney, P.. (2002) Elemental Carbon and PM2.5 Levels in an Urban Community Heavily Impacted by Truck Traffic. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 110, no.10.
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  54. International Agency on Cancer, Monograph 46. See at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol46/volume46.pdf.
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  57. According to the EPA’s categorization of counties as urban or rural, the average ASPEN 1999 ambient diesel fine particle concentration is 1.3822 ug/m3 for urban counties and 0.4730 ug/m3 for rural counties. The overall national average is 1.2096 ug/m3. These averages are population weighted. These averages convert (using the 0.0003 factor) to cancer risks of 415 per million urban, 142 per million rural, and 363 per million average.
  58. See CATF report and analysis at: http://www.catf.uspublications/reports/Diesel_Health_in_America.pdf.
  59. See NY Times, Oct 29, 2006. A study links truck’s exhaust to Bronx schoolchildren’s asthma.” Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/nyregion 29asthma.html?ex=1319778000&en=876d277b91b2c6fa&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss , by Manny Fernandez.
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